Biological control of Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants by Hohenbuehelia spp. and Trichoderma koningiopsis

Nematode control strategies are limited and alternative control is demanded. The main aim was to evaluate control potential of Hohenbuehelia spp. (Hohenbuehelia mastrucata, Hohenbuehelia barbatula, Hohenbuehelia bullulifera, Hohenbuehelia portegna, Hohenbuehelia petaloides and Hohenbuehelia paraguayensis) and Trichoderma koningiopsis against Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants in greenhouse. The parameters evaluated were the number of galls and egg masses which were evaluated in three root regions: basal, intermediate and tip; nematode reproduction factor; vegetal growth parameters (plants height on V1, V2, V4, and R5 growth stages, root length, dry weight of root and aerial part dry weight); Treatments were composed by individual interactions of each fungal isolate with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica, having a total control (bean) and a partial control (bean + nematode) arranged in completely randomized design with four repetitions. Data were tested by Scott­Knott (5%). For vegetal growth parameters, there was only significance for dry weight of roots. All species were able to control nematodes.

Phaseolin Induction on Common-Bean Cultivars and Biological Control of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 Race by Baccharis trimera (Less) Dc

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungitoxic effect of the aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 race, as well as its effect on the accumulation of phaseolin in hypocotyls of different cultivars and common bean varieties. It was obtained 20% aqueous extract from plants collected in municipalities of the Western Region of Paraná. Blocks containing C. lindemuthianum mycelium were transferred to Petri dishes containing medium with the different extracts and incubated at 25 °C. The colonies diameter was measured until the 12th day. Effects of aqueous extracts on phaseolin production was evaluated in hypocotyls of Carioca, Cnpf 8104, Soberana, Tibatã, Uirapurú cultivars, as well as Rosinha and Vermelho varieties. Each one cultivar and variety hypocotyl was transferred separately to test tubes containing 500 μL of 20% aqueous extracts. Sterile water, Bion®, and UV was used as controls. The phaseolin production was measured in spectrophotometer [280 nm]. Results of the evaluation of the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Baccharis sp. specimens collected indicate that approximately 50% of the samples presented capacity to reduce between 74 and 92% of C. lindemuthianum growth. Cultivar Tibatã and Vermelho variety showed greater sensitivity over the applied treatments. Results of fungal filtrates and vegetal aqueous extracts presented a low capacity to induce the production of phaseolin in hypocotyls.

Anthelmintic activity of plant aqueous extracts against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro / Atividade anti-helmíntica de extratos aquosos de plantas contra Panagrellus redivivis in vitro

Control of phytonematodes is very hard and requires a combination of techniques to succeed. Alternative control through plant extracts may result in the discovery of nematicide substances. Research aimed at evaluating the effect of 33 plants submitted to aqueous extraction against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro. Concentrations were prepared at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20%. Monitoring happened at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 30 hours after preparation. Counting considered dead nematodes subtracted from alive ones. Juveniles were also counted, and extract efficiency was expressed in percentage of control or stimuli. Data were submitted to variance analysis. Significant results got with the Scott-Knott test (5%), and multiple linear regression analysis. Extracts were observed acting as controllers, but also as stimulators to nematode reproduction. The best controlling performance was set by Carica papaya (-66% at 20%; -33.7% at 10%), Euphorbia milii (-37% at 20%), Psychotria carthagenensis (-25.5% at 2.5%), Clusia variegate (-22% at 20%), and Zamioculcas zamiifolia (-21.5% at 20%). Stimulator extracts were Mentha villosa at 10% (+148%) and 2.5% (+131.5%), followed by Aloe vera (+123% at 5%), Schinus molle (+112.5% at 10%), Schefflera arboricola (+93.5% at 5%), C. variegate (+89% at 5%), and S. molle (+88% at 5%). Some extracts kept population stable throughout the experiment, presenting lower control indexes. Besides an additive effect, there was an individual influence of concentration or time on control.(AU)

O controle de fitonematoides é muito difícil e requer uma combinação de técnicas para ter sucesso. O controle alternativo via extrato vegetal pode resultar na descoberta de substâncias nematicidas. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito de 33 plantas submetidas à extração aquosa contra Panagrellus redivivus in vitro. As concentrações foram preparadas a 1,25; 2,5; 5; 10; e 20%. O monitoramento ocorreu em 0, 6, 12, 24 e 30 horas após a preparação. Para a contagem, foram considerados nematoides mortos subtraídos dos vivos. Nematoides jovens também foram contados, e a eficiência dos extratos foi expressa em porcentagem de controle ou de estímulo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Resultados significativos foram analisados pelos testes de Scott-Knott (5%) e análise de regressão múltipla. Foram observados extratos agindo como controladores, bem como estimuladores da reprodução de nematoides. A melhor performance de controle foi obtida por Carica papaya (-66% a 20%; -33,7% a 10%), Euphorbia milii (-37% a 20%), Psychotria carthagenensis (-25,5% a 2,5%), Clusia variegate (-22 a 20%) e Zamioculcas zamiifolia (-21,5% a 20%). Os extratos estimuladores foram Mentha villosa a 10% (+148%) e 2,5% (+131,5%), seguido por Aloe vera (+123% a 5%), Schinus molle (+112.5% a 10%), Schefflera arboricola (+93.5% a 5%), C. variegate (+89% a 5%) e S. molle (+88% a 5%). Alguns extratos mantiveram a população estável durante todo o experimento, apresentando menores índices de controle. Além do efeito aditivo houve uma influência individual da concentração e do tempo no controle.(AU)

Avaliação da eficácia da tintura etanólica de guaco (Mikania glomerata) no controle da podridão negra (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) em couve-flor / Effect of alcoholic extract of guaco (Mikania glomerata) on the control of dark rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) in cauliflower

Com a prática da irrigação e novos híbridos de couve-flor, é possível produzir durante todo o ano e com alta produtividade. Mas, a cultura tem sido afetada por doenças a exemplo da podridão negra causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, fomentando novas pesquisas para seu controle. Com o objetivo de verificar o potencial de Mikania glomerata no controle dessa doença, a tintura etanólica 50 ºGL dessa planta medicinal foi avaliada quanto: atividade antimicrobiana in vitro através do crescimento bacteriano em tubos de ensaio contendo 100, 250, 500 e 1000 mg L-1 da tintura; indução de resistência local ou sistêmica em planta de couve-flor aos 25 dias de idade, em casa de vegetação, através da pulverização de tintura concomitantemente e três dias antes da inoculação com o patógeno, sendo água e calda bordaleza tratamentos controle; atividade de peroxidases em folhas tratadas e não tratadas de couve-flor, colhidas concomitantemente e as 24, 48, 72 h da pulverização da tintura e, após pulverização-inoculção. A tintura etanólica, in vitro, promoveu inibição no crescimento bacteriano, a partir da concentração de 250 mg L-1. Nas concentrações de 500 mg L-1 e 1000 mg L-1 foram observadas, respectivamente, 24 e 38 de inibição do crescimento bacteriano. Nas plantas de couve-flor foi observada redução da doença apenas em folhas tratadas com 100 e 500 mg L-1 de tintura, aplicada concomitantemente à inoculação, comportamento este semelhante ao da calda bordaleza, indicando que o controle através da tintura de guaco é através de atividade antimicrobiana direta. Ficou indicado que a indução de peroxidases ocorreu devido ao processo infeccioso e não em função dos tratamentos com tintura etanólica de guaco. Estes resultados indicam o potencial da tintura de guaco para o controle preventivo da podridão negra da couve-flor.

With the use of irrigation and new hybrids of cauliflower, it is possible to get production during all theyear with hight yield. However, the crop has been affected by diseases, as the dark rot caused by X.campestris pv. campestris. The objective of this research work was to study the potential of Mikaniaglomerata for the control of this disease. Alcoholic extract 50 ºGL of M. glomerata was evaluatedregarding to: in vitro antimicrobial activity through bacterial growth in 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 ofthe alcoholic extract; induction of local or systemic resistance in 25 days old cauliflower, with spray ofalcoholic extract concomitantly and three days before the inoculation with the pathogen (water andbordeau mixture were used as control); peroxidases activity in leaves of cauliflower treated and nottreated, and harvested concomitantly, 24, 48 and 72 hours after spraying the alcoholic extract and alsoafter inoculation. The alcoholic extract of M. glomerata showed inhibition of the bacterial growth invitro at the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 mg L-1. The concentrations of 500 mg L-1 and 1000 mg L-1inhibited 24% and 38% of the bacterial growth. This inhibition could be due to antibacterial compoundsin the alcoholic extract. An inhibition of the disease in vivo occurred only in the leaves treated with 100and 500 mg L-1 of alcoholic extract when applied concomitantly with the bacteria. This result was similarto bordeau mixture, indicating a control by direct antimicrobial activity. There was no systemic resistenceinduction for all treatments. The peroxidases induction was due to infectious pathogen process and notto the treatments with alcoholic extract. The results indicate the potential of M. glomerata alcoholicextract for the preventive control of cauliflower dark rot disease

Efeito do extrato aquoso de cúrcuma (curcuma longa) em Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis / Effect of aqueous extract from turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis

Avaliou-se o controle in vitro de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis mediante o uso de extrato aquoso de quatro genótipos de cúrcuma provenientes de cultivos de Jaboticabal-SP, Mara Rosa-GO, Maringá-PR e Mercedes-PR, bem como o efeito curativo, através do tratamento de manivas de mandioca infectadas com o patógeno e plantio em condições de campo. No experimento in vitro, o extrato de cúrcuma causou inibição total do crescimento da bactéria, na concentração de 10, para o material proveniente de Mercedes, enquanto que, para a cúrcuma de Jaboticabal, houve controle total a 15 e o de Mara Rosa a 20. A cúrcuma proveniente de Maringá não inibiu totalmente o crescimento, em nenhuma das concentrações utilizadas. No experimento in vivo, o brotamento das plantas foi pouco, devido ao grau de infecção das manivas. O extrato bruto de cúrcuma a 10 proveniente de Mercedes foi prejudicial para a mandioca em condição de campo, reduzindo o estande em relação aos tratamentos controle. Possivelmente, houve ação tóxica direta sobre a fisiologia da planta ou indução de suscetibilidade. Na concentração de 1 da cúrcuma proveniente de Maringá, não houve diferença estatística em relação ás testemunhas, para o parâmetro estande de plantas. O controle químico utilizado não foi eficiente, pois se comportou igual à testemunha água. Com relação à severidade e à produtividade não se conservaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que, embora haja atividade antibacteriana a X. axonopodis pv. manihotis, os extratos de cúrcuma, nas concentrações utilizadas, não apresentam efeito curativo em manivas de mandioca infectadas pelo patógeno

medicinalAbstractThe control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis was evaluated in vitro by using aqueous extractof four turmeric genotypes from Jaboticabal-SP, Mara Rosa-GO, Maringá-PR and Mercedes-PR, as wellas in vivo, by treatment of infected cassava stems and their cultivation at field conditions. The resultsshowed that in vitro experiment, turmeric extract inhibited completely the bacteria growth in theconcentration of 10% for the genotype from Mercedes, while for the Jaboticabal's turmeric there was a total control at 15% and for Mara Rosa at 20%. Turmeric genotype from Maringá did not show fullinhibition of the bacterial growth in none of the extract concentrations used. At field conditions, sproutingswere extremely low, due to the stems infection degree. Turmeric extract at 10%, from Mercedes, washarmful for the cassava, reducing stand regarding the control treatments. Possibly there was a directtoxic action on the plant physiology or susceptibility induction. But in the concentration of 1% ofturmeric from Maringá, there was no statistical difference in relation to the control treatment for the plantstand. The chemical control was not completely efficient. There was no statistical difference amongtreatments for both severity and productivity. The results indicate that, although presenting antibacterialactivity to X. axonopodis pv. manihotis, the turmeric extracts, in the used concentrations, did notpresent curative effect in cassava stems infected with the pathogen.Key words: Bacterial blight of cassava, alternative control, medicinal plant